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Wednesday, November 7, 2012

GlorryLilly-Menthoni Kizhanu


It was a bright Sunday morning. I was with my wife at her house. We were walking through the garden suddenly she called me.”shyam, I want to show you something”, and pointed her finger towards the edge of her property. I was shocked to see the glimpse of the dazzling red flower through the bushes. Out of my curiosity, I headed toward the flower.it was very difficult to reach the plant through the thick bushes. i couldn’t believe my eyes.it is the plant which I was searching for long time…I don’t know how it appeared in such an area because it usually see in Ghats and forests. May be somebody has planted it there long time ago…We call it Menthoni kizhangu in Malayalam.so next few days I started my research on the plant and my findings are listed below. Hope you will find time to read this ..happy reading……………….
ORIGIN AND BOTANICAL TRAITS

Family Lilaceae, subfamily Wurmbacoidae
Alternate names Methonia Superba Lamk Lindley
English Name: Climbing-lily, Creeping-lily, Flame-lily, Glory-lily, Gloriosa lily, Tiger claw .
Sanskrit Names: Langli, Kalikari, Ailni, Agnisikha, Garbhaghatini, Agnimukhi Local Names in India: Kalihari, Kathari, Kulhari, Languli (Hindi); Bishalanguli, Ulatchandal (Bengali); Dudhio, Vacchonag(Gujarati); Indai, Karianag, Khadyanag (Marathi); Karadi, Kanninagadde (Kannada); Adavi-nabhi, Kalappagadda, Ganjeri (Telugu); Mettoni, Kithonni (Malayalam); Kalappai-Kizhangu, Kannoru (Tamil); Ognisikha, Nabhikkodi ,Garbhhoghhatono, Panjangulia, Meheriaphulo (Oriya); Kariari, Mulim (Punjabi)
Common Names in World: Flame lily, Isimiselo, Vlamlelie, Riri vavai-moa
Species and Varieties:The genus Gloriosa is comprised of about 10 to 15 known species
* Gloriosa superba Linn,* G luteo,* G plantii,* G.latifolia,* G magnifica,* G rothschildiana,* G abysstinica,* G longifolia,* G simplex,Gloriosa is monobasic with a genetic base x = 11.
Out of the 10 elemental species, G.superba, G.lutea and G.plantii are diploids (2n=22); G.carsonii, G.virescens and G.richmondensis are tetradploids (2n=44) and G.rothschildiana,G.latifolia and .magnifica are octoploids (2n=88).
In general, octoploid species are comparatively short statured and constitute a medium group of plants.The important species found in India are G superba and G.rothschildiana
Nature :An annual climbing perennial herb with tuberous roots
Plant type Tuber
Height:Between 3.5 to 6 m in length The vines are tall, weak stemmed with tuberous roots Leaves Ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, the tips spirally twisted Flowers Large, solitary or may form a lax corymbose inflorescence, twisted and crisped with six recurved or reflexed petals.
Blossoming yellow and changing to yellow red and deep scarlet.
In the bud stage, the petals hang down over the ovary and on maturity, they assume an erect position, leaving the ovary with its stigma exposed at right angles.
Ovary:The ovary is 3 celled and it forms an ellipsoidal capsule.
Seeds :There are numerous seeds in a capsule and the seeds are warty and compressed.
Chemical Constituents:Colchicine and its derivative from tubers.Silosterol, its Glucoside and beta and Gamma Lumicolichicines.Beta silosterol, its Flucoside and 2-H-6-MeO benzoic acid.Flower’s contain Luteolin, its Glucoside, N-Formyl-de-Me-colchicine, its Glucoside and2-de-Me-colchicine Content of Colchicine 0.25%
PRODUCT APPLICATION
Gloriosa superba is a good abortifacient causing expulsion of foetus from the womb.
Roots are antioperiodic, purgative, cholagogue, anthelmintic:
It is bitter, acrid, astringent, anthelmintic and germicidal. It cures leprosy, swelling, piles,
chronic ulcers, colic pain in bladder.
Tubers are tonic and anthelminitic when taken in doses of 5 to 10 grains. Tubers
abortifacient: extract of root, ecbolic.
Paste is antidote in snake bite.

Powder of root is given for treatment of rheumatic fever.Various plant parts are used in spleen complaints, sores, tumours and syphllis. Plant parts Used in Ayurveda Tubers Abortion purpose, in intermittent fevers, wounds. Antifertility purpose, Gonorrhea, Leprosy, Piles. Siddha Root and tubers Mixed with babchi seeds (Psoralea corylifoila), black cumin (Nigella sativa) and purple fleebane (Vernonia anthelmintica) and is made to a paste and is applied externally for various skin diseases.
Ayurveda Roots Abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, highly poisonous, purgative, rejuvenating, stomachic,thermogenic, tonic, beneficial in vitiated conditions of kapha (phlegm) and vata (wind).Debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labor pain and expulsion of the placenta. Ayurveda Roots If smeared over the palms and feet of a pregnant woman,delivery of child becomes Easier. Effective against paralysis rheumatism, snake bite, insect bites, against lice. Ayurveda Leafs Asthma, Leaf extract mixed with sesamum oil is applied twice a day on the joints affected with arthritis reduces pain, Effective against lice.
Every parts of the Gloriosa are used as medicinal purpose, in ayurveda and yunani system of medicine it is a reputed medicine. According to ayurveda, tuber is pungent, bitter, acrid, heating, anthemirtic, laxative, alexiteric,abortifacient and useful in ulcers, gonorrhea, leprosy, piles,inflammations, abdominal pains, itching and thirst. Tubers arealso used as antifertility purpose. Coming to the root, the Ethnic communities of North-East Indian people say that, Gloriosa rootpaste is used for curing gout, stomach ache, abortion purpose in intermittent fever, wounds. It can be administered to a delivered mother along with spirituous drink to give relieve to her postnatal complaints and also if its root paste smeared over the palms and feet of a pregnant woman, delivery of child becomes easier. Even the leaves of Glory lily have more medicinal qualities, namely for curing asthma, its juice is effective against lice and also against many skin disorders). It is one of the useful plants
Extract of plant is CNS depressant.One of the very important exported medicinal plants of India that has become endangered within a very short span of the last 50 years is Gloriosa superba L., the codified systems of Indian medicine as well as in folk and tribal medicine. The root is used as a germicide, to cure ulcers, piles, hemorrhoids, inflammation, scrofula, leprosy, dyspepsia, worms infestation, flatulence, intermittent fevers, debility arthritis and against snake poison. The corm (or tuber according to some) which looks like a hoe. It has been the most used in indigenous medical systems of India as well as in Africa. The medicinial importance of the plant is due to the presence of alkaloids (nearly 24 of them) of which colchicine and colchicoside are the principal ones, as well as to the presence of 10 non-alkloidal medicinal compounds including B-sitosterol, chelidonic acid, luteolin, stigmasterol etc. Colchicine is used as a mitosis-arrest agent and in cancer therapy and diabetics, in addition to promote polyploidy in agriculturally important crop plants. Colchicoside is used against accute inflammation like gout and other forms of arthritis.
The plant is being exploited extensively by the local people for medicinal purposes. The flow of the raw drug from the local ad regional markets has increased due to the increased demand by the pharmaceutical companies both within and outside India. Recently, there has been an increased demand for the plant, as a source of colchicine and colchicoside, but the supplies from the conventional sources has not been sufficient. India is a major exporter of Gloriosa superba seeds.
Here is some information on Gloriosa Superba which is about to be extinct so lets save it Glory lily is among some of the modern medicine's most important plants actually facing local extinction.Gloriosa superba derives its name Gloriosa from the word ‘gloriosus’, which means handsome and superba from the word ‘superb’ means splendid or majestic kind. This plant has been a source of medicine right from the ancient time.  
This glorious herb was found in abundance once upon a time in Patalkot valley. Now-a-days, this herb is becoming rare in this valley.
Medicinal importance:

The sap from the leaf tip is used for pimples and skin eruptions. Tribals of Patalkot apply the powder of rhizome with coconut oil in skin eruptions and related diseases for 5 days. This combination is said to be effective in snake and scorpion bites too. Tribals crush roots of the plant in water and apply on head for curing baldness. To avoid painful delivery, Gonds and Bharias of Patalkot, apply rhizome extract over the navel and vagina. It induces labour pain and performs normal delivery. Bhumkas (local healers) generally prescribe 250 to 500 mg of the rhizome as dosage. According to Bhumkas of Patalkot, this dose may lead to abortion if given to a lady with pregnancy of 1 or 2 months. Since the rhizome is having abortive action, this is prescribed for normal delivery. In traditional medicine system, tuber is used for the treatment of bruises and sprains colic, chronic ulcers, hemorrhoids, cancer, impotence nocturnal seminal emissions and leprosy. Many cultures believe the species to have various magical propertiesThe plump roots of the plant have been used in the treatment of parasitic skin infections, leprosy, and internal worms

In Ayurveda and Yunani systems of medicine, the tuber of plant is well known due to its pungent, bitter, acrid, heating, anthemintic, laxative, alexiteric and abortifacient nature. It is widely used in the treatment of ulcers, leprosy, piles, inflammations, abdominal pains, intestinal worms, thirst, bruises, infertility and skin problem However, ingestion of all parts of the plants is extremely poisonous and can be fatal

Other uses:Gloriosa superba is also known as the national flower of Zimbabwe Except miscellaneous pharmaceutical product and other therapeutic preparations, it is also a popular plant for providing color in greenhouses and conservatories even immature flowers are beautiful to behold All parts of the plant, especially the tubers, are extremely poisonous. The tubers may be mistakenly eaten in place of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batata) since the tubers resemble those of sweet potatoes. The juice of the leaves is used as an ingredient in arrow poisons. The flowers are used in religious ceremonies.

Gloriosa superba is believed as most important herb that is exported, and collection of seeds and roots for the foreign market is causing a shortage of raw material for local drug industries in India. If endangered plants like G. superba are allowed to become damaged through excessive collection, a whole series of traditional medicines and plants which have been in use for thousands of years will be threatened. It is therefore need of the hour to come forward and rescue this important glorious herb of Patalkot. Active participation from everyone is highly needed specially people from Chhindwara district.

Gloriosa Superba is generally found in western parts of Tamilnadu and Kerela India. It is critically endangered hence IUCN has placed it in “red data book” recently this species has been spotted for the first time in Topchanchi and Hazaribag District.This is first report of this endangered plant from Jharkhand. Gloriosa superba is one of the poisonous plants. Ingestion of Gloriosa superba tubers causes severe and potentially fatal toxic effects

  

Chemical components: Studies reveal that all parts of the plant, especially the tubers are extremely toxic due to the presence of a highly active alkaloid, Colchicine. The species also contains another toxic alkaloid, Gloriosine (Gooneratne 1966, Angunawela and Fernando 1971). Other compounds such as lumicolchicine, 3-demethyl-N-deformyl-N-deacetylcolchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine, N-formyldeacetylcolchicine have been isolated from the plant (Chulabhorn et al. 1998). Another important alkaloid called gloriosine is also found in tubers (Gooneratne 1966). Colchicine: CAS number: 64-86-8 Molecular formula: C22H25NO6 Molecular weight: 399.44 Structural name: colchicine Toxic effect: A pale yellow to greenish yellow alkaloid Colchicine is mainly responsible for the toxic effect. The toxins in G. superba have an inhibitory action on cellular division resulting in diarrhoea, depressant action on the bone marrow and alopecia. After ingestion of tubers, initial symptoms develop within two to six hours. Intense vomiting, numbness and tingling around the mouth, burning and rawness of the throat, nausea, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea leading to dehydration etc. are some of the primary symptoms developed initially in the victim. The other important complications include respiratory depression, shock, hypotension, marked leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation disorders, oliguria, haematuria, confusion, seizures, coma and ascending polyneuropathy. Alopecia and dermatitis are the late manifestations that develop about one to two weeks after poisoning (Inchem 2004). Clinical and toxicological observations were made by various workers time to time (Gooneratne, 1966; Dunuwille et al. 1968, Angunawela and Fernando 1971, Murray et al. 1983, Kimberly 1983, Saravanapavananthan 1985, Craker and Simson 1986, Wijesundere 1986, Ellenhorn et al. 1996, Inchem 2004). All parts of the plant, especially the tubers, areextremely poisonous.Colchicine, an alkaloid, is responsible for the toxic effect of G.superba . The species also contains another alkaloid 'gloriosine'.The toxic properties of the plant are essentially due to the highly active alkaloid colchicine. Colchicine occurs as pale yellow to greenish yellow, odourless crystals or amorphous scales or powder. It darkens on exposure to light. Other physico-chemical characteristics Melting point is 157°C Solubility in water is about 1/20. It is freely soluble in alcohol and chloroform (Windholz 1983). In addition to colchicine and gloriosine, G. superba also contains other compounds such as 3-desmethyl colchicine, beta-lumicolchicine, N-Formyldesacetyl-colchicine,2-desmethyl colchicine, chelidonic acid and salicylic acid (Duke 1985).
Colchicine affects cell membrane structure indirectly by inhibiting the synthesis of membrane constituents (Craker and Simson 1986). It binds to tubulin (the structural proteins of microtubules) 63 http://jsrr.in
Science Research Reporter 1(2): 61-64, Sept. 2011 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)preventing its polymerization into microtubules. This antimiotic property disrupts the spindle apparatus that separates chromosomes during metaphase. Cells with high metabolic rates (e.g. intestinal epithelium, hair follicles and bone marrow) are the most involved by the arrest of mitosis. The variable effects of colchicine may depend on its binding to the protein subunit of microtubules with subsequent disruption of microtubule function (Ellenhorn et al. 1996). Colchicine also has an inhibitory effect on various phosphatases (Craker and Simson 1986). Gloriosine also has an antimitotic effect (Gooneratne 1966). Conclusion: G. superba produces two important alkaloid clochicine and gloriosine, which are present in seeds and tubers It is conventional drug for gout obtained from corms of G. superba Gloriosa superba is a commercially imperative medicinal plant which has diverse medicinal applications and eventually due to over-explotatlon this plant is facing local exlinction. It has been affirmed as endangered plant by IUCN and hence there is a pressing need to conserve the plant by in situ and ex situ multiplication in general and micropropogation in particular so as to meet the ever increasing demand from the industries There is a greater need of a Community-based Approach in conservation. Awareness among the local community is one the most important task. For this, various activities like poster presentation, campaigns, educational pamphlets and slogans can be applied. A society can be made in the villages that will look after the conservation of important medicinal and economical plants. Universities, Colleges, NGOs and other agencies should come forward and adopt a village of their respective region. These organizations can play a vital role in conservation of important medicinal plant. A medicinal plant garden/ herbal garden and green house can be made in the village itself. At one side there is need of Ex-situ and in-situ conservation, on the other hand, preservation of traditional Ethno-medicinal-botanic knowledge is highly needed. Local healers of targeted area should be encouraged and given support time to time.
Gloriosa superba is believed as most important herb that is exported, and collection of seeds and roots for the foreign market is causing a shortage of raw material for local drug industries in India. If endangered plants like G. superba are allowed to become damaged through excessive collection, a whole series of traditional medicines and plants which have been in use for thousands of years will be threatened. It is therefore need of the hour to come forward and rescue this important glorious herb .
CULTIVATION PRACTICES

Regions cultivated in India:It can be grown throughout tropical India, from the Northwest Himalaysas to Assam and the Deccan peninsula, extending upto an elevation of 2.120 m.
In India, the herb is largely cultivated in Tamil Nadu particularly in Karur and Moolanur region.
In Karnataka, it is also commonly found growing all along the Western Ghats.
Soil conditions:Red soil preferred.Hard soil not suitable
pH of soil 6% to 7% neutral to acid, must be of free draining.
Average rainfall in a year 70 cm.Height from sea level 600 metres preferred
Seeding and Propagation:Seeds should be sown during late winter or early spring
Temperature should be between 20 deg.C & 25 deg.C for optimal germination.
Offset of tubers should be taken in late winter.
Flowering time Summer
Spacing between plant : 30 to 45 cm
Tuber required per acre 500 kg of tuber per acre
Height Up to 1.8m to 2.4m
Irrigation:After seeding, irrigation at the interval of 5 days.Irrigation necesssary at the flowering period.Irrigation not necesssary at the harvesting period.Keep the soil evenly moist during growing season.Reduce the watering after flowering.Temperature Best growing temperatures are between 15°C and 30°C.The plant will tolerate slightly higher or lower of these.
Light Semi-shaded to full sun position. Do not seem to grow well under
artifical light indoors.
Humidity Requires high humidity for good flowering.
Pest & Problems Aphids are the prime pest of the plant.Fertiliser Organic fertiliser to the level of around 120 kg per acre
Propagation
It is commercially propagated from its underground, V shaped rhizomes or sexually
propagated by seeds.The plants raised from seeds take nearly three to four years to flower. Hence, except for experimental purposes, seed propagation is not favoured by the growers.
Gloriosa produces a biforked tuber during the growing season and each of these forks has only one growing bud.Tubers should be handled carefully, as they are brittle and liable to break easily. If the growing bud is subjected to any kind of damage, the tuber will fail to sprout. Since the vigour of the vine and its flowering and fruiting ability depends on the size of the tubers,it should not weigh less than 50-60 g.The plants raised from smaller tubers do not produce flowers during their first year.Large tubers can be divided into two by breaking them in the middle. The dormant tubers start sprouting from the month of May.. Planting during the months of July and August have been found to favour good growth and yield.About 2.5 to 3.0 t/ha of tubers are required for planting.In order to avoid rotting of the tubers before sprouting, only healthy tubers should be selected for planting.
Field preparation and Planting
The field should be ploughed several times until it is brought to a fine tilth. All the grass stubble and roots should be removed.The field must be levelled properly and drainage arrangements made to avoid waterlogging during the rains. The field is then divided into subplots of convenient sizes.
About 15 to 20 t per ha of FYM or compost should be mixed well into the soil.The treated tubers are planted at a depth of 6-8 cm, keeping a plant to plant distance of 30to 40 cm, depending upon the type of soil. Closer spacing has been reported to favour cross pollination, thereby improving the fruit set.
Manures and fertilisers
Though gloriosa makes satisfactory progress with little manuring and fertilisation, the addition of well decayed manure, bonemeal and fertilisers to the soil ensures a vigorous plant, stronger tubers and better flowering.
Experiments carried out on this crop have shown that a fertiliser dose of 120 kg N, 50 kg
P2O5 and 75 kg K2O/ha is required for a good crop.Of the nutrients, the whole P2O5 and K2O and one third of N is applied as a basal dose and the remaining two-third of N should be given in the first six to eight weeks after planting.
Irrigation
Frequent irrigation is required during the sprouting time to keep the surface soft, so that there is no hard pan formation, in order to facilitate easy sprouting and emergence of the growing tip outside the soil.Irrigation should be withheld until after the flowering is over, to prevent rotting of the tubers.Excess watering is harmful to the plants and causes yellow or brown coloured patches on the leaves, which fall off prematurely.
Crop monitoring: The provision of some kind of support is necessary for successfully growing gloriosa
Since the stem is very tender, when the plants are about 30 to 40 cm tall, they should be

tied to wires or allowed to climb on some sort of frame.
Weeding
In the initial stages, the Gloriosa plantation requires frequent weeding to control the weeds which will otherwise compete with plants for moisture and nutrients and will restrict the growth of the plant.While weeding, utmost care should be taken to avoid any damage to the growing tip.Once damaged, it does not sprout again during the season. Chemical weed control is possible only when there is wide spacing between the rows and the plants themselves.
Harvesting
Gloriosa is a crop of 170-180 days duration. When planted in June, it starts bearing flowers after 55 days and continues to flower and fruit till October. The fruit requires about 105-110 days from the set to reach maturity.The right stage of harvest is when this capsule starts turning light-green from dark-greenand the skin of the fruit shows a shrunken appearance and becomes light in weight.At this stage, when pressed, the pod gives a crinkling sound.
The yield of seeds differs greatly, depending upon the vigour and age of the plant which,in turn, depend on the size of the tuber.
The yield in the initial year will be low, but it gradually increases in the subsequent years.Around: 600 kg to 700 kg of seed per hectare The yield of pericarp (husk) is about 75% of the seeds.
EXTRACTION PROCESS

Parts used: Tuberous roots
After picking, the capsules should be kept in the shade for 7 to 10 days to facilitate the capsules to open up, displaying deep orange-yellow coloured seeds.The seeds and pericarp are separated manually and dried for a week in the shade, by spreading them uniformly over any clean, dry floor or any platform specially erected for the purpose.At the later stages, the seeds are moved to the sunlight for a week till they dry completely. The dried seeds are then packed in moisture proof containers and stored until exported or extracted for the alkaloids.

DRIVING FACTORS FOR DEMAND
Export market for the production of Colchicine, which is used in the production of drug for treatment of Arthitis.Tamil Nadu is considered as the preferred area for cultivation of Gloriosa superba

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